What is a System of Systems?
A system of systems (SoS) is the collection of multiple, independent systems forming a larger, more complex system. A system is a group of interacting, interrelated and interdependent components that form a complex and unified whole.
Safety Commander is an indispensable engineering software aimed at most known types of SoS:
national and international rail network systems, transport, space transportation systems, defence systems, civil and military aircraft of all types.
Safety Commander has been initially developed for Aircraft (civil and military, helicopter, UAV, space ) which is a large and complex system, and a specific example of a System of Systems. Many different systems and devices have to work together to operate different parts of the aircraft but can only work when all the essential systems work together. Safety Commander allows organizations /programs / projects to resolve all challenges of assuring Safety of highly integrated systems.
A/C or System of Systems structure can be imported from external applications or built manually in RAM Commander or Safety Commander.
Embedded automotive systems are another example of a System of Systems, as they have numerous onboard computing, control and communication-based systems that all work together to improve safety, fuel efficiency and emissions. Safety systems could be considered their own SoS, with airbag deployment, collision impact warnings, seatbelt pretensioners, antilock and differential braking, as well as traction and stability control all working together to increase vehicle safety.
ALD software packages (RAM Commander and Safety Commander) have recently added ISO 26262 and ISO/SAE 21434 capability and gained a certificate of compliance with ISO 26262 automotive international standard that guarantees the functional safety of each product and process by measuring the probability of an accident occurring due to a breakdown in automobile parts or error in the product development process.
Safety Commander, initially designed to implement the entire process of A/C (Aircraft, Helicopter, UAV) Safety Assessment required for the Type Certification in Aerospace, is applicable to a wide range of System of Systems Safety Assessment.
System of Systems (SoSSA) Safety Assessment or Integrated Safety Assessment methodology is used to assess the safety of the complex systems that are made up of multiple interacting and interdependent systems
The process of System of Systems (SoS) Safety Assessment involves a number of steps including identifying and analyzing the system and its components, identifying potential hazards and risks, assessing the probability and consequences of those hazards and risks, developing and implementing risk mitigation strategies, and monitoring and reviewing the effectiveness of those strategies.
System of Systems (SoS) Safety Assessment/Assurance is particularly important for the systems that are critical to the functioning of society or that have the potential to cause significant harm if they fail. This can include transportation systems, power grids, communication networks, and other complex systems that are essential to the functioning of modern world.
System of Systems (SoS) Safety Assessment considers the entire system and all of its components as well as the interactions and interdependencies between them. It looks at the potential hazards and risks associated with the system as a whole and the impact that they could have on the environment, people, and other systems.
The process of System of Systems (SoS) Safety Assessment involves a number of steps including identifying and analyzing the system and its components, identifying potential hazards and risks, assessing the probability and consequences of those hazards and risks, developing and implementing risk mitigation strategies, and monitoring and reviewing the effectiveness of those strategies.
System of Systems (SoS) Safety Assessment is particularly important for the systems that are critical to the functioning of society or that have the potential to cause significant harm if they fail. This can include transportation systems, power grids, communication networks, and other complex systems that are essential to the functioning of modern world.
System of Systems (SoS) Safety Assessment is a comprehensive approach to safety assessment that takes into account the complex interactions and interdependencies between systems and helps to ensure that these systems operate safely and effectively.
Aerospace System of Systems (SoS) Safety Assessment
The Aerospace System of Systems (SoS) is a complex system that includes a wide range
of components and subsystems, including aircraft, air traffic control systems, weather monitoring systems, communication systems, and more. 
Safety assessment is a crucial step in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the aerospace system. The safety assessment process for the aerospace SoS involves several steps, including hazard identification, risk assessment, risk mitigation, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation.
Hazard identification involves identifying potential hazards associated with the aerospace system, including equipment failures, human errors, and environmental factors.
SoS structure is imported from external applications or built manually in RAM Commander or Safety Commander.
This includes analyzing the interactions and interdependencies between the various components of the aerospace system. Risk assessment involves evaluating the potential risks associated with each hazard and determination of the acceptable levels of risk for each component of the aerospace system. This process involves developing requirements for each component based on the risks identified.
Risk mitigation involves developing and implementing safety measures (safety barriers) to reduce the likelihood and severity of the identified risks. This includes implementing redundant systems, backup power sources, and emergency response procedures, as well as providing appropriate training and support for air traffic controllers and other personnel. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation involve continually monitoring the aerospace system for potential hazards and risks and evaluating the effectiveness of the implemented safety measures. This includes conducting regular safety audits and assessments, collecting and analyzing data on incidents and accidents, and making necessary adjustments to the safety measures as needed.
The safety assessment process for the aerospace SoS is critical to ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the aerospace system. It helps to identify potential hazards and risks, develop appropriate safety measures, and continually monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of those measures.
Automotive System of Systems (SoS) Safety Assessment
Automotive System of Systems (SoS) Safety Assessment is a crucial step in ensuring the safe and reliable
operation of complex automotive systems.
ISO 26262 is the international standard that outlines the requirements for the functional safety of road vehicles. 
ALD System of Systems ISO 26262
ISO 26262 provides a framework for the development of automotive systems, and it includes a comprehensive process for the assessment of safety. The process involves several stages, including hazard analysis, risk assessment, and the development of safety goals and requirements.
The hazard analysis stage involves identifying potential hazards associated with the system and assessing the likelihood and severity of the risks. This analysis also considers the interactions and interdependencies between the various systems that make up the overall automotive system. The risk assessment stage involves evaluating the potential risks associated with each hazard and determining the acceptable levels of the risk for each system.
This process also involves developing safety goals and requirements for each system based on the risks identified. The development of safety goals and requirements involves defining the safety measures that need to be implemented in each system to achieve the required levels of safety. This includes specifying the safety functions, performance levels, and Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASIL) that need to be met.
The implementation of these safety measures is then verified through various testing and verification activities, including functional testing, fault injection testing, and analysis of safety-critical components.
Other ALD Software Tools
RAM Commander - Comprehensive software tool for Reliability and Maintainability Analysis and Prediction, Spare Parts Optimization, FMEA/FMECA, Testability, Fault Tree Analysis, Event Tree Analysis and Safety Assessment
D-LCC – Advanced tool for life cycle cost calculation, total ownership cost and sensitivity cost analysis